Day 2

color coded resistors

Overview of the program

  1. Discussion of the exercises from previous days

    Day2SLiCAP.zip

  2. Presentations

    Note: scrolling through presentations

    Always open presentations in a new tab: CRTL + click

    Summary prerequired knowledge: noise in electronic systems

    Random signal modeling

    Presentation

    The presentation “Random signal modeling” briefly summarizes random signal models.

    Study

    Chapter 16.3

    Characterization of amplifiers

    Amplifiers: modeling of port isolation errors

    At an early stage of the design process, we use relatively two-port models that describe the functional behavior of the amplifier. However, it is important to know the conditions under which electrical networks can be represented by such two-ports. If such conditions are not met, more eleborate description models are required and deviations from the ideal behavior should be well defined.

    Presentation

    The presentation “Amplifiers: port isolation errors” shows that preformance measures for port isolation, that are used in practice, are ofen incomplete.

    Video

    Amplifiers modeling of port isolation errors (3:37)

    Study

    Chapter 2.4.1, 2.4.2

    Noise in electronic circuits

    As all real-world systems, amplifiers add noise to the signal.

    Presentation

    The presentation “Noise in electronic circuits” briefly introduces noise mechanisms in electronic components and presents models and parameters for characterization of the noise behavior as well as noise analysis techniques.

    Videos

    1. Noise Mechanisms in Electronic Devices (6:11)
    2. Drawing Conventions for Noise Sources (2:14)
    3. Noise Parameters (5:14)
    4. Noisy Two ports (6:52)
    5. Amplifier Noise Design (4:07)
    6. Source Transformation Techniques (3:01)
    7. Influence of impedances in the signal path on noise performance (10:47)

    Study

    Chapter 19

    SLiCAP noise analysis

    Presentation

    The presentation “SLiCAP noise analysis” introduces the essentials of symbolic and numeric noise analysis in with SLiCAP.

    Amplifiers: modeling of power losses and energy storage

    As all physical systems, amplifiers suffer from power losses and energy storage.

    Presentation

    The presentation “Amplifiers: power losses and energy storage” introduces high-level modeling techniques for such effects. It also briefly introduces a classification of amplifiers, based on the operation of the stage that drives the load.

    Study

    Chapter 2.4.4, 2.4.5

    Amplifiers: voltage and current drive capability

    The static and dynamic voltage and current drive capabilities of amplifiers are limited.

    Presentation

    The presentation “Amplifiers: voltage and current drive capability” gives description methods for these effects.

    Video

    Amplifiers: voltage and current drive capability (5:37)

    Study

    Chapter 2.4.7, 2.4.8, 17.5, 17.7

    Amplifiers: modeling of small-signal dynamic behavior

    As all physical systems, amplifiers impose limits to the rate of change of a physical signal. For small signals with a small rate of change, the amplifier can be considered as a linear time-invariant dynamic system and modeled accordingly.

    Presentation

    This presentation “Amplifiers: modeling of small-signal dynamic behavior” briefly summarizes analysis and characterization methods for such systems.

    Videos

    1. Modeling of linear time-invariant dynamic systems (5:24)
    2. Poles and Zeros (4:10)
    3. Impulse and step response (3:04)
    4. Characterization of Linear time-invariant dynamic systems (2:07)

    Study

    Chapter 2.4.6, 17.4

    Amplifiers: modeling of weakly nonlinear behavior

    At signal levels below clipping, amplifiers will not behave perfectly linear.

    Presentation

    The presentation “Amplifiers: modeling of weakly nonlinear behavior” gives description methods for weakly nonlinear behavior.

    Video

    Amplifiers modeling of weakly nonlinear behavior (13:03)

    Study

    Chapter 17.5, 17.7

  3. Guidance with homework

color coded resistors

Homework

The theory presented in day 2 will be applied in the design of the active antenna. Please use SLiCAP as documentation tool.

Active antenna

  1. Update the performance requirements for the antenna amplifier. Give parameters en test setup for:
    1. The source-to-load transfer (gain) of the amplifier
    2. The spectrum of the total equivalent-input voltage noise of the amplifier
    3. The voltage handling capability of the amplifier’s output port
    4. The current handling capability of the amplifier’s output port
    5. The required voltage slew rate at the load
    6. The high-pass -3dB cut-off frequency
    7. The low-pass -3dB cut-off frequency
    8. The intermodulation distortion
  2. In which way does the length of the antenna affect the amplifier’s noise requirements?
  3. After having completed the exercises of day 1, we may conclude that the amplifier can be realized as a voltage amplifier with 50 \(\Omega\) output impedance, or as an integrating transimpedance amplifier with 50 \(\Omega\) output impedance. We have also seen that the antenna should not be longer than a quarter of the wavelength of the maximum frequency, because above this frequency the sensitivity will drop.
    1. Plot the magnitude characteristic of the antenna impedance: run the SLiCAP file: Day2SLiCAPantenna.zip
      1. Adapt the antenna length and diameter in such a way that the magnitude characteristic of the impedance matches within 3dB that of the antenna capacitance \(C_A\) over the frequency range of interest.
        1. Plot the magnitude characteristic of the source to load transfer of the active antenna for the voltage amplifier and the transimpedance integrator with this antenna.
        2. Determine the show-stopper values for the voltage noise and the current noise for these active antennas.
        3. Check your result with SLiCAP: plot the total source-referred noise with these show-stopper values.